Dalam keluaran kali ini, saya kongsikan sedikit maklumat tentang penggunaan dakwat kekal yang didapati daripada wikipedia dan bahaya penggunaan silver nitrat kepada tubuh manusia.
PENGGUNAAN DAKWAT KEKAL DALAM URUSAN PILIHAN RAYA
Electoral
stain is used as a good security feature to prevent double voting in
elections. Ink is normally applied to the left hand index finger,
especially to the cuticle where
it is almost impossible to remove quickly. Ink may be applied in a
variety of ways, depending on circumstance and preference. The most
common methods are via dipping bottles with sponge inserts, bottles
with a brush applicators, spray bottles, and marker
pens.
With all methods the finger should be left to dry for 15–30 seconds
and exposed to light before being cleaned to ensure the mark remains
visible for the desired length of time.
Composition [edit]
Electoral
stain typically contains a pigment for instant recognition,
and silver
nitrate which
stains the skin on exposure to ultraviolet light, leaving a mark that
is impossible to wash off and is only removed as external skin cells
are replaced. Industry standard electoral inks contain 10%, 14% or
18% silver nitrate solution, depending on the length of time the mark
is required to be visible. Although normally water-based, electoral
stains occasionally contain a solvent such as alcohol to allow for
faster drying, especially when used with dipping bottles, which may
also contain a biocide to ensure bacteria aren't transferred from
voter to voter.
Longevity [edit]
Election
stain typically stays on skin for
72–96 hours, lasting 2 to 4 weeks on
the fingernail and cuticle area.
The election ink used in India puts a permanent mark on the cuticle
area which disappears only with the growth of new nail. It can take
up to 4 months for the stain to be replaced completely by new nail
growth. Stain with concentrations of silver
nitrate higher
than 18% have been found to have no effect on stain longevity, as
even with stronger solutions silver nitrate doesn't have a
photosensitive reaction on live skin cells. This means that the stain
will wear off as new skin grows.[1]Silver
nitrate is an irritant and frequently harmful at 25% solution and
above, even being used as an effective, if painful, cauterizing agent
in the treatment of rhinitis at
that concentration.[2] At
25% the silver nitrate content will also start to precipitate
depending on conditions, forming fine crystals which can also be
irritating on skin and reducing the active dissolved silver nitrate
back to as low as 18%.
Colour [edit]
Electoral
stain is traditionally violet in colour, before the photosensitive
element takes effect to leave a black or brown mark. However for
the Surinamese
legislative election, 2005,
orange replaced violet as the colour for marking the voters' fingers
as it was found to last just as long and be more appealing to voters,
as it resembled the national
colours.
In some parts of the world, women stain their fingers violet for
cosmetic reasons, meaning a different colour would be needed in such
places to distinguish the marks and to ensure nobody was unfairly
prevented from voting.
Efficiency [edit]
Marker
pens are the most efficient use of ink, with one 5ml pen able to mark
600 people, although dipping bottles are often preferred, despite a
100 ml bottle only marking 1000. This may be due to the iconic images
associated with the Iraqi and Afghan elections of the early 21st
century. Dipping bottles can leave a more comprehensive stain of
slightly longer longevity (depending on silver nitrate content) than
markers can. However marker pens are much cheaper and easier to
transport, reducing costs to the election organisers considerably,
and the advised option when stains are only needed to be guaranteed
for 3 to 5 days. Marker pens also leave a much smaller mark when
properly applied, which is more agreeable to many voters.
Controversies [edit]
In
the Afghan
presidential election, 2004,
allegations of electoral fraud arose around the use of indelible ink
stains, which many claimed were easily able to be washed
off.[3] Election
officials had chosen to use the more efficient marker pen option;
however, regular marker pens were also sent out to polling stations,
which led to confusion and some people being marked with less
permanent ink.[4]
Critics
of indelible ink point out that an individual can theoretically
circumvent the security of indelible ink by coating the finger with a
temporary yet transparent glue. The indelible ink would adhere to the
glue which could then be washed off leaving the individual available
for another round of voting. Sabotaging the finger marking process
could cast doubt on the legitimacy of the vote.[citation
needed]
In
the Malaysian
general election, 2008,
the election authorities canceled the use of Electoral Stain a week
before voters went to the polls,[5] saying
it would be unconstitutional to prevent people from voting even if
they had already had their fingers stained. Additionally they cited
reports of ink being smuggled in from neighboring Thailand[6] in
order to mark peoples' fingers before they had a chance to vote, thus
denying them their rights.
During
the Zimbabwean
presidential election, 2008,
reports surfaced that those who had chosen not to vote were attacked
and beaten by government sponsored mobs. The mobs attacked those
without ink on their finger.[7]
During
the Malaysian
general election, 2013,
in light of the first ever implementation of Electoral Stain, voters
reported that the ink could be easily washed off with running water,
despite assurances by the Election
Commission of Malaysia on
the contrary. [8] According
to the Election Committee Chief, the ink allows water to seep through
it to allow ablution by Muslims, as required by the National Fatwa
Council. A higher content of silver nitrate would cause internal
organ failure, so it has been replaced by herbal ingredients, an
official letter from the Ministry of Health stated that the content
of silver nitrate must not exceed one per cent. [9]
BAHAYA PENGGUNAAN SILVER NITRAT (DALAM DAKWAT KEKAL)
THE DANGER OF SILVER NITRATE
Introduction:
Silver-peroxide is made with silver-nitrate and not as often claimed by its manufacturer’s with colloidal silver. The is a significant difference between the two. For example: silver nitrate is a chemical compound with chemical formula AgNO3. Colloidal silver is not a compound, it's an element, a liquid suspension of microscopic particles of silver. There have been no long term studies done in the human body regarding the safety of silver.
Silver nitrate is toxic and corrosive. Little exposure to the chemical will not produce immediate or even any side effects other than the purple skin stains, but with more exposure, side effects will become more noticeable. It is very poisonous and can cause burns. Long-term exposure can cause permanent blue-grey staining of eyes, mouth, throat and skin, (argyria) and may cause eye damage. Short contact can lead to deposition of black silver stains on the skin. Besides being very destructive of mucous membranes, it is a skin and eye irritant. Silver compounds, such as silver acetate, silver nitrate, silver arsphenamine, can be extremely toxic in the human body due to the extremely high concentration of silver. All silver compounds used, for a variety of reasons, place a user at risk for argyria. The risks associated with use of high PPM silver compounds have been very well documented. Most compounds available today contain an extraordinary amount of actual silver content (as measured in grams or micrograms). A daily dose of 50 ppm to 200 ppm can lead to a silver overdose. However some people are more susceptible than others.
Health effects of silver
Soluble silver salts, specially silver nitrate, are lethal in concentrations of up to 2g (0.070 oz). Silver compounds can be slowly absorbed by body tissues, with the consequent bluish or blackish skin pigmentation (argiria).
Eye contact: may cause severe corneal injury if liquid comes in contact with the eyes.
Skin contact: may cause skin irritation. Repeated and prolonged contact with skin may cause allergic dermatitis.
Inhalation hazards: exposure to high concentrations of vapours may cause dizziness, breathing difficulty,
headaches or respiratory irritation. Extremely high concentrations may cause drowsiness, staggering, confusion, unconsciousness, coma or death.
Liquid or vapour contact: may be irritating to skin, eyes, throat, or lungs. Intentional misuse by deliberately
concentrating and inhaling the contents of this product can be harmful or fatal. Aspiration of material into lungs if swallowed or if vomiting occurs can cause chemical pneumonitis which can be fatal.
Ingestion hazards: moderately toxic. May cause stomach discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and narcosis.
For further information of the effects of silver please visit the following websites:
http://www.inchem.org/documents/cicads/cicads/cicad44.htm
http://www.cqs.com/silver.htm
http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=2765166
Silver has no purpose in the human body
Silver is not used in any known physiological process in the human body. It is treated by the body as a toxic heavy metal, chelated and removed extremely slowly by proteins called metallothioneins. This removal process can easily be overwhelmed, leading to argyria. Silver has an affinity to cell membranes, including those of nerve cells, where it deposits permanently as silver sulfide. This is a typical pattern of heavy metal toxicity.
Silver causes immune dysfunction
When the human immune and detoxification system encounters a heavy metal such as silver, it goes into overdrive in its attempt to detoxify and remove it, as described above. Glutathione, the primary detoxifying antioxidant, is utilized in this process. If the person has a chronic illness such as hepatitis C, the glutathione that had been utilized in detoxifying viral free radical toxins and killing viruses is now siphoned off into silver detoxification. The result could be a sudden progression of the disease, the exact opposite of what the silver proponents claim.U.S. National Toxicology Program acute toxicity studies for Silver nitrate
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